Housing & Disability Discrimination
Discrimination on the ‘disability ground’ occurs where there is less favourable treatment of one person compared to another person because one has a disability and the other has not, or the other has a different disability.
‘Disability’ is defined broadly to includes, physical, intellectual, learning, cognitive, emotional or medical conditions.
Case law has established that the definition includes, for instance, depression, epilepsy, claustrophobia and agoraphobia, alcoholism, facial scarring, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, HIV infection, diabetes and dyslexia.
The general rule is that there can be no discrimination on the ground of disability in relation to:
- disposing of any estate;
- terminating a tenancy;
- providing accommodation or, any accommodation related services or amenities; or
- ceasing to provide accommodation.
The premises or, accommodation must be available to the public generally or a section of the public.
How can I access housing with a disability? Reasonable accommodation
Discrimination on the ground of disability includes a refusal or failure by a service provider to do all that is reasonable to accommodate the needs of a person with a disability by providing special treatment or facilities, if without such facilities it would be impossible or unduly difficult for the person to avail himself or herself of the service.
The following service providers must do all that is reasonable to accommodate the needs of a person with a disability:
- a person selling goods or providing services;
- a person selling or letting accommodation or providing accommodation;
- educational establishments;
- clubs.
This involves providing special treatment or facilities in circumstances where, without these, it would be impossible or unduly difficult to avail of the goods, services, accommodation etc.
However, they are not obliged to provide special facilities or treatment when this costs more than what is called a ‘nominal cost’.
What amounts to a ‘nominal cost’ will depend on the circumstances such as the size and resources of the body
involved. If the State provides grants or aids for assisting in providing special treatment or facilities, there may be an onus on the service providers etc. to avail of these grants.
Risk of harm
Where a person has a disability that could cause harm to the person or to others treating the person differently to the extent reasonably necessary to prevent such harm does not constitute discrimination.
Can I bring my assistance dog?
Public and private housing providers must do all that is reasonable to accommodate people with disabilities to use their assistance, or guide, dogs.
[dropdown heading="What should I look out for in housing discrimination?"]
Discrimination may take the form of landlords or letting agents –
- refusing to let you look at the property
- refusing to rent the property to you
- refusing to accept rent supplement or housing assistance payments
- refusing to complete the necessary forms to enable you to receive rent supplement or housing assistance payments
- including discriminatory terms or conditions in leases or other tenancy agreements, whether written down or spoken
- refusing to renew your lease or other tenancy agreement
- end your lease or other tenancy agreement
- withdrawing services related to property, or making it very hard for you to get these services.
What can I do about discriminatory housing advertising?
It is prohibited to publish, display or cause to be published or displayed an advertisement which indicates an intention to discriminate or might reasonably be understood to indicate such an intention.
The Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission has the power to refer a complaint of discriminatory advertising to the Workplace Relations Commission (the ‘WRC’) for adjudication. The WRC is the quasi-judicial body established to investigate, mediate, hear and decide claims of discrimination.
If you see a discriminatory advertisement you can let us know by filling out this form.
What if I can’t afford my rent?
It is not discriminatory for a landlord or other person to refuse to let you rent a property if you cannot afford the market rent.
If you think the landlord is being unfair in setting or reviewing rent, or you have a dispute with your landlord, you can contact the Residential Tenancies Board.
What's covered?
The Equal Status Acts 2000–2018:
- promote equality;
- prohibit certain kinds of discrimination (with some exemptions) across a number of specified grounds (Age, Civil Status, Disability, Family Status, Gender, Housing Assistance Payment; Membership of the Traveller Community, Race, Religion, Sexual Orientation);
- prohibit sexual harassment and harassment across a number of specified grounds;
- prohibit victimisation;
- require reasonable accommodation of people with disabilities;
- allow a broad range of positive action measures.
The Equal Status Acts also implement the following two EU Directives – the Race Directive and the Gender Goods and Services Directive.
How do I know if I’m being unfavourably treated?
Different types of discrimination are prohibited under the Equal Status Acts, these include:
Direct discrimination
This is defined as the treatment of a person in a less favourable way than another person who is in a comparable situation, because they differ on any of the nine grounds described above. This is a difference which:
- exists;
- existed but no longer exists;
- may exist in the future; or
- is imputed to the person concerned (this occurs where a person is labelled as differing under the specified grounds even though this is not the case).
Discrimination by association
This occurs when a person who associates with another person is treated less favourably because that other person differs under any of the specified grounds.
Indirect discrimination
This happens where an apparently neutral provision, criterion or practice which appears unproblematic at first sight, puts a person who differs under any of the specified grounds at a particular disadvantage, compared with another person. This provision, criterion or practice will not amount to discrimination where it is demonstrated that:
- the provision, criterion or practice is objectively justified by a legitimate aim; and
- the means of achieving that aim are appropriate; and
- the means of achieving that aim are necessary.
Procuring discrimination
It is an offence under the Equal Status Acts to procure or attempt to procure another person to engage in discrimination, harassment or sexual harassment.
What responsibilities do service providers have?
Positive action
The Equal Status Acts allow for taking of positive measures (or preferential treatment) which are legitimately intended to:
- promote equality of opportunity for disadvantaged persons;
- cater for the special needs of persons, or a category of persons who because of their circumstances, may require facilities, arrangements, services or assistance.
In addition, the Equal Status Acts allow for the imposition of a reasonable preferential fee, charge or rate in respect of anything offered or provided in respect of families, married couples, older or younger persons, or persons with a disability.
Vicarious liability
Employers are liable for discriminatory acts of an employee in the course of his or her employment.
It is not a defence if the act was done without the employer’s knowledge or approval unless they can prove that they took reasonably practicable steps to prevent the conduct.
It is a defence if an employer can show that reasonable practicable steps were taken to prevent the employee from doing the act, or acts of that description.
Anything done by a person as agent for another person, with the authority (whether express or implied) of that other person shall be treated as if it was done by that other person.
What can I do if I’m being harassed or sexually harassed?
Harassment and sexual harassment
Sexual harassment and harassment in the provision of goods and services is prohibited. A person (‘the harasser’) shall not harass or sexually harass another person (‘the victim’) who seeks to use goods or services provided by the harasser.
What is harassment and sexual harassment?
Harassment is any form of unwanted conduct related to any of the specified grounds. Sexual harassment is any form of unwanted verbal, nonverbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.
In both cases, it is conduct which has the purpose or effect of violating a person’s dignity and creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for the person.
In both cases, the unwanted conduct may include acts, requests, spoken words, gestures or the production, display or circulation of written words, emails and social media, text messages, pictures, or other material.
A person’s rejection of, or submission to, sexual or other harassment may not be used by any other person as a basis for a decision affecting that person.
Who is a responsible person?
A person who is responsible for the operation of any place where goods, facilities or services are offered to the public is defined as a ‘responsible person’.
The ‘responsible person’ must ensure that any person who has a right to be there, is not sexually harassed or harassed. It shall be a defence for the responsible person to prove that he or she took steps as are ‘reasonably practicable’ to prevent the sexual harassment or harassment for occurring.
What if I am retaliated against for making a complaint?
Victimisation
It is victimisation if a person is threatened or treated badly because they make a complaint about discrimination in relation to the provision of goods and services. Victimisation is against the law.
For example, it is victimisation if you are threatened or treated badly because:
- you make a complaint of discrimination against a service provider;
- you have been involved in a discrimination case at the Workplace Relations Commission;
- you helped someone else to make a claim;
- you were involved as a witness in a discrimination case at the Workplace Relations Commission;
- you have taken a discrimination claim to court;
- you have told a service provider that you intend to do any of the things mentioned in this list.
What's not covered?
There are several significant exemptions in the Equal Status Acts that apply to the provision housing and accommodation.
These exemptions should be read restrictively and should not be allowed to limit unduly the general prohibition on discrimination.
Exemptions for housing authorities - including on disability ground
Housing authorities and the Minister for Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth, in the provision of housing accommodation, can treat people differently based on family size, family status, civil status, disability, age, or membership of the Traveller community.
The Minister for Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth can additionally treat people differently (in the provision of housing accommodation) on the basis of nationality and gender.
Exemptions for particular categories of persons - including on disability ground
It is not discrimination under the Equal Status Acts to reserve any premises or accommodation for the use of persons in a particular category of persons, including for:
- religious purposes;
- refuges;
- nursing homes;
- retirement homes;
- homes for persons with a disability; or
- hostels for homeless persons/or for a similar purpose.
Exemptions on all grounds
Law regulating the provision of accommodation
It is not unlawful to treat persons differently in connection with the provision of accommodation or amenities related to accommodation where the treatment is required by law regulating the provision of accommodation.
A person’s home
The Equal Status Acts do not apply to situations where a person is renting a room in their home (other than a separate and self contained part) in circumstances where the provision of the accommodation affects the person’s private or family life or that of any other person residing in the home.
Wills/gifts
The Equal Status Acts do not apply to the disposal of property by will or by gift.
Other general exemptions
Clinical judgment
Treating a person differently does not constitute discrimination where a person is treated differently solely in the exercise of a clinical judgement in connection with a diagnosis of illness or her/his medical treatment.
Capacity to enter into a contract
Treating a person differently does not constitute discrimination if a person is incapable of entering into an enforceable contract or, is incapable of giving informed consent and for that reason the treatment is reasonable.
Action required by or under law
A general exemption provides that nothing in the Equal Status Acts shall prohibit the taking of any action that is required under:
(a) statutory provision or court order;
(b) any act done or measure adopted by the EU; or
(c) any international treaty which imposes an obligation on the State.
Only actions that are mandatory are covered. Where the measure leaves some discretion the anti-discriminationn provisions do apply.
Risk of criminal or disorderly conduct
A provider of goods or services, or a person providing accommodation or related services, can refuse a service or accommodation to a person if a reasonable individual, having the knowledge and experience of the provider, would form the belief that the provision of service or accommodation to
the customer would produce a substantial risk of criminal or disorderly conduct or behaviour, or damage to property in or around the area where the service or accommodation is provided.
Certain nationals of other countries
Public authorities can treat certain nationals of other countries differently, on the basis of their nationality, who are outside the State or unlawfully present in it (for the purposes of the Immigration Act 2004) or in accordance with any provision or condition made by or under any enactment, and arising from his or her entry to or residence in the State.
Case Studies
Renting with an assistance dog
| Case | A Tenant v. An Accommodation Provider |
|---|---|
| Topic | A disabled man was refused permission to have his assistance dog living with him in rented accommodation. |
| Outcome | Resolved through mediation. |
| Law | ESA |
| Year | 2019 |
Search database for more case studies
What's next?
Make a complaint to the Workplace Relations Commission
The Workplace Relations Commission (WRC) is the body that hears discrimination complaints under Ireland’s equality laws. The WRC deals with both employment and service/goods related claims. There is no fee to bring a case to the WRC and complaints can be made online.
Learn more about the WRC process
Contact us
We, the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission, have a statutory role to fight discrimination and provide information on equality and human rights in Ireland. Please note however that we are not a court and we do not decide on discrimination claims.
Learn more about how to contact us
Contact another organisation
You may find that another organisation could better help you with your issue.
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Employment rights / Equal treatment in services
Workplace Relations Commission
Information and Customer Services (ICS), formerly known as Workplace Relations Customer Services, is responsible for the provision of information relating to employment rights, equality and industrial relations matters by means of a telephone call-in service manned by experienced Information OfficersInformation and Customer Services
Workplace Relations Commission
O’Brien Road
Carlow
R93 E920
Phone: 059 9178990 | Lo-call: 1890 80 80 90 * (09.30 - 17.00, Monday to Friday)
Web: https://www.workplacerelations.ie/en/contact_us/contact-details/
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Social welfare information
Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection
The Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection's role is to promote a caring society through ensuring access to income support and other services, enabling active participation, promoting social inclusion and supporting families. Please find below a list of contact numbers for services: - DSP Income Support Helpline for people impacted by COVID-19. Tel: 1890 800 024 – Information Services – Tel: 1890 66 22 44 – Free Travel, Household Benefits, State Pension, Domiciliary Care, Widow(er)s Pension, Widowed Parent Grant, Blind Persons Pension - Tel: 1890 500 000 – Carer's Allowance, Carer's Benefit, Disability Allowance, Disablement Benefit, Invalidity Pension, Bereavement Grant - Tel: 1890 927 770 – Supplementary Welfare Allowance - Tel: 071 9157100 – Homemakers - Tel: 1890 690 690 – Respite Care Grant – Tel: 01 6732222 – Illness Benefit, Injury Benefit, Medical Care – Tel: 1890 928 400Áras Mhic Dhiarmada,
Store Street,
Dublin 1
Information Services
College Road,
Sligo
LoCall: 1890 66 22 44
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Social welfare appeals
Social Welfare Appeals Office
The Social Welfare Appeals Office operates independently of the Department of Social Protection. It aims to provide an independent, accessible and fair appeals service with regard to entitlement to social welfare payments and to deliver that service in a prompt and courteous manner. The main role of the Social Welfare Appeals Office is to provide a fair and independent appeals procedure where a person is dissatisfied with a decision given under the Social Welfare Acts by a Deciding Officer or a Designated Person about their entitlement to social welfare payments or the insurability of their employment.Social Welfare Appeals Office D'Olier House,
D'Olier Street,
Dublin 2
D02 XY31 -
Unfair treatment by a public body
Office of the Ombudsman
The Office of the Ombudsman examines complaints about the administrative actions of Government Departments; the Health Service Executive; local authorities and various other State agencies. Complaints can be made in relation to a wide range of issues, such as entitlement to public services, taxation, housing, education and social welfare.Office of the Ombudsman
18 Lower Leeson Street
Dublin 2
D02 HE97 -
Rights and welfare of children
Ombudsman for Children’s Office
The Ombudsman for Children may investigate a complaint made by a child, a family member, or a professional, who has dealings with the child. The bodies that may be investigated by the Ombudsman for Children include Government Departments, the HSE, schools, and public hospitals.Ombudsman for Children’s Office
Millennium House
52-56 Great Strand Street
Dublin 1 -
Private landlord and tenant dispute
Residential Tenancies Board
The Residential Tenancies Board is an independent statutory body which provides a dispute resolution service for landlords and tenants.Residential Tenancies Board
PO Box 47
Clonakilty
Co Cork -
Homelessness
Dublin Region Homeless Executive
The Dublin Region Homeless Executive is provided by Dublin City Council in the response to homelessness in Dublin. The DRHE provides a complaints procedure, which sets out the process to address complaints and appeals from service users, funded services and the Ombudsman in relation to Homeless Service Provision under the remit of the DRHE. -
Vulnerable adults, older people and healthcare patients
Sage Advocacy
Sage Advocacy is a support and advocacy service for vulnerable adults, older people and healthcare patients,Sage Advocacy
24-26 Upper Ormond Quay
Dublin
D07 DAV9
(01) 536 7330 -
Support for housing rights
Threshold
Threshold's mission is to prevent homelessness and to campaign for housing as a right by providing independent advice and advocacy to vulnerable people.Threshold
21 Stoneybatter,
Dublin 7
Phone: 1800 454 454
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Homelessness and social housing
Mercy Law Resource Centre
Mercy Law Resource Centre is an independent law centre, registered charity and company limited by guarantee, which provides free legal advice and representation to people who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless in the areas of social housing and related social welfare law.Mercy Law Resource Centre
25 Cork St,
Dublin 8,
IrelandEmail: info@mercylaw.ie
Phone: +353 (0)1 453 7459
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Homelessness
Dublin Simon Community
Dublin Simon Community empowers people to access and retain a home by providing housing, prevention, addiction treatment, emergency response and other targeted interventions, through advocacy and partnership5 Red Cow Lane, Smithfield, Dublin 7
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Homelessness
De Paul
De Paul exist to serve homeless individuals or families, at risk caught in the spiral of homelessness deprived of all control of their lives.DePaul
18 Nicholas Street,
Dublin 8,
D08 VCP7.
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Disability rights
Disability Federation of Ireland
DFI's vision is an Ireland where people with disabilities and disabling conditions are fully included and enabled to reach their full potential.Fumbally Court
Fumbally Ln
The Liberties
Dublin 8Phone: (01) 454 7978
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Disability rights
National Disability Authority
The National Disability Authority (NDA) is the independent statutory body that provides information and advice to the Government on policy and practice relevant to the lives of persons with disabilities.25 Clyde Rd
Ballsbridge
Dublin, D04 E409 -
Rights of people with disabilities
National Advocacy Service for People with Disabilities
The National Advocacy Service (NAS) provides an independent, confidential and free, representative advocacy service. NAS has a particular remit for people with disabilities who are isolated from their community and services, have communication differences, are inappropriately accommodated, live in residential services, attend day services and have limited informal or natural supports. For more information, you can access the NAS website at the following link: National Advocacy Service for People with DisabilitiesNational Advocacy Service for People with Disabilities
National Office,
C/O Citizens Information Board
George's Quay House
43 Townsend Street
Dublin 2
D02 VK65Email: info@advocacy.ie
Phone: 0761 07 3000
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Independent living for people with disabilities
Independent Living Movement
Independent Living Movement aims to ensure that disabled people achieve Independent Living Choice and control over their lives and full Participation in society as equal citizens.Independent Living Movement,
Carmichael House, Brunswick St N,
Dublin 7 -
Intellectual disability
Inclusion Ireland
Inclusion Ireland champions the rights of people with an intellectual disability in Ireland through securing the full implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (UNCRPD).Inclusion Ireland
Unit C2, The Steelworks,
Foley Street,
Dublin 1 -
Community law and mediation
Community Law & Mediation
Community Law & Mediation is a community law centre which provides free legal advice, advocacy and mediation and education services.Northside Civic Centre, Bunratty Road, Coolock, Dublin 17, Ireland
Tel: (01) 847 7804
Email: info@communitylawandmediation.ie
Community Law & Mediation Limerick
Limerick Social Service Centre, Henry Street, Limerick, Ireland
Tel: (061) 536 100
Email: limerick@communitylawandmediation.iePhone: (01) 847 7804
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Legal advice
Free Legal Advice Centres
The Free Legal Advice Centre (FLAC) provide confidential, basic legal advice for free and in person across all areas of law. FLAC offers a network of advice clinics around Ireland and you may be able to identify the most suitable one at the following link: Legal Advice Clinic.Free Legal Advice Centres,
13 Lower Dorset Street,
Dublin 1,
Ireland
Phone: Lo-Call: 1890 350 250
Web: https://www.flac.ie/
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Legal aid
The Legal Aid Board
The Legal Aid Board is the statutory, independent body responsible for the provision of civil legal aid and advice to persons of modest means. Legal advice is any oral or written advice given by a solicitor or barrister, including writing letters and negotiations. Legal aid is representation by a solicitor or barrister in court proceedings. The Legal Aid Board has a number of centers across the country, and the best way to find the one most convenient to you is to contact the Legal Aid Board directly. -
Citizen's Information Centres
Citizen's Information
Citizens Information Centres (CICs) provide free, impartial information, advice and advocacy from more than 215 locations around the country.Find a Citizens Information Centre
https://centres.citizensinformation.ie/Phone: 0761 07 4000
Browse the database of organisations working on human rights and equality issues in Ireland.